From dogma to dialogue Approaches to addressing interreligious intolerance
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The phenomenon of interreligious intolerance is still a serious challenge in people’s lives, both globally and in Indonesia. Intolerance often arises from a rigid and exclusive interpretation of religious dogma, thus triggering discrimination, conflict, and rejection of groups with different beliefs. This article aims to examine the relationship between dogma and intolerance and explore interreligious dialogue as an alternative approach in building more inclusive religious relations. This research uses qualitative methods with a library research approach and a narrative literature review. Data were obtained from various books, journal articles, and theological works discussing dogma, intolerance, and interreligious dialogue, and were then analyzed descriptively and comparatively by applying source triangulation. The research results show that intolerance is not primarily caused by the existence of dogma, but rather by exclusive interpretations that reject the existence and dignity of other groups. By utilizing Raimon Panikkar’s typology of dialogue, namely dialectical and dialogical dialogue, this article shows that religious beliefs can be maintained while opening up a space for encounters that respect differences. The contribution of this research lies in the application of Panikkar’s dialogue framework in the context of Indonesia’s religious plurality as an effort to encourage a shift from dogmatic exclusivism to dialogical inclusivism.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Cornille, Catherine. “Introduction.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue, edited by Catherine Cornille. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Publication, 2013.
Costa, Gavin D’. The Meeting of Religions and the Trinity. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2000.
Cresswell, John W., and J. David Cresswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing, 2022.
Dianthani, Dhani, and Ibrahim. “Menimbang Jalan Keselamatan: Telaah Kritis Terhadap Paradigma Eksklusivisme, Inklusivisme, Dan Pluralisme.” GRAVEOS JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (2025). https://ejournal.sttbisanry.ac.id/gj/article/view/11.
Dupuis, Jacques. Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999.
Hanh, Thich Nhat. Living Buddha, Living Christ. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.
Harvey, Warren Zev. “Theories of Tolerance in Jewish Philosophy.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Religion and Beyond: Challenges from the Past and in the Present, edited by Anne Sarah Matviyets, Giuseppe Veltri, and Jorg Rupke. New York: Routledge, 2023.
Hermawati, Peni Kunthi, Heru Sujaryanto, and Muhammad Hendri Nuryadi. “Strategi Resolusi Konflik Sosial Melalui Pendidikan Toleransi: Studi Kasus Intoleransi AntarUmat Beragama.” Integrative Perspectives of Social and Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2025). https://ipssj.com/index.php/ojs/article/view/528.
Hick, John. God Has Many Names. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.
Hidayat, Alam Khaerul, and Shofiyullah Muzammi. “Nurcholish Madjid Dan Konsep Islam Inklusif Di Indonesia: Sebuah Studi Tentang Pemikiran Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Islam Moderat.” Al-Afkar: Journal for Islamic Studies 8, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v8i4.1782.
Johanson, Todd. “Pluralistic Inclusivism and Christian-Muslim Dialogue: The Challenge of Moving beyond Polite Discussion toward Reconciliation and Peace.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 51, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2016.0009.
Kaha, Samuel Cornelius. “Dialog Sebagai Kesadaran Relasional Antar Agama: Respons Teologis Atas Pudarnya Semangat Toleransi Kristen-Islam Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Abdiel: Khazanah Pemikiran Teologi,Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dan Musik Gereja 4, no. 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37368/ja.v4i2.165.
Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. Tritunggal & Pluralisme Agama: Doktrin Tritunggal Dalam Teologi Kristen Tentang Agama-Agama. Translated by Fandy Handoko Tanujaya. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2020.
Knitter, Paul F. Introducing Theologies of Religions. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002.
Kung, Hans. On Being a Christian. New York: The Crown Publishing Group, 1984.
Lubis, Bernard Bistok, Holong Marsaulina Silitonga, Tasya Purba, Cristiana Sihombing, Gresia Angelika Seda, and Septian Arman Napitupulu. “Merawat Keberagaman, Menguatkan Kemanusiaan: Moderasi Beragama Dalam Bingkai Inklusivisme.” Jurnal Hukum Pendidikan Motivasi Harapan 3, no. 5 (2026). https://ourhope.biz.id/ojs/index.php/JP/article/view/229.
Malau, Titin Wulandari. “Dialog Antaragama Dan Kontribusi Tokoh Agama Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Dan Implementasinya Untuk Memperkuat Toleransi.” Jurnal Magistra 2, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.62200/magistra.v2i1.70.
Marlina, Sari. “Dialog Antar Agama Sebagai Basis Humanis Global.” Jurnal Agama Dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (2025). http://jurnal.pustakabangsaindonesia.com/index.php/jah/article/view/2.
Mbelanggaedo, Nelci, and Semy Djulandy Balukh. “Pendidikan Agama Kristen Inklusif Di Era Post-Truth: Pendekatan Dialog Interspiritual.” Imitatio Christo: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.63536/imitatiochristo.v1i1.5.
Moltmann, Jürgen. The Way of Jesus Christ: Christology in Messianic Dimensions. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990.
———. Theology of Hope: On the Ground and the Implications of a Christian Eschatology. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1993.
Netland, Harold. Encountering Religious Pluralism: The Challenge to Christian Faith & Mission. Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2001.
Nurhakim, Nasrun, Muhammad Irfan Adriansyah, and Dinnie Anggraeni Dewi. “Intoleransi Antar Umat Beragama Di Indonesia.” MARAS: Jurnal Penelitian Multidisiplin 2, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.60126/maras.v2i1.126.
Pandey, Dylfard Edward, and Lasino. “Soteriologi Alkitab Di Tengah Eksklusivisme, Inklusivisme, Dan Pluralisme.” EULOGIA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristiani 2, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.62738/ej.v2i2.41.
Panikkar, Raimon. The Intra-Religious Dialogue. New York: Paulist Press, 1999.
Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Systematic Theology Vol. I. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. New York: T&T Clark, 2004.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. The Hindu View of Life. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2018.
Simarmata, Mery Saragih. “Prophetic Dialogue as Mission in the Context of Diversity: Toward a Theology of Wider Ecumenism.” In Religion’s Mission in Culture: An International Proceeding of STT HKBP Pematangsiantar, edited by Pintor Marihot Sitanggang and Ricky Pramono Hasibuan. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2023.
Simon, Bernd. “A Social Psychological Approach to Tolerance: The Disapproval–Respect Model.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Religion and Beyond: Challenges from the Past and in the Present, edited by Anne Sarah Matviyets, Giuseppe Veltri, and Jorg Rupke. New York: Routledge, 2023.
Walad, Muzakkir, Ni Wayan Risna Dewi, Ni Luh Ika Windayani, I. Wayan Mudana, and I. Wayan Lasmawan. “Pendekatan Pluralisme Agama Dalam Pendidikan Di Indonesia: Tantangan Dan Strategi Implementasi.” Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Citra Bakti 11, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.38048/jipcb.v11i3.3749.